2.
  -2024
..  
 
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.             
2.             
-
3.             
4.    '      
5.                
6.    ,        
2.
-
7.       
8.      
  -2024
..  
 
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.             
:         
󷊆󷊇  
           ,    ,  
    ,  ,             
   ,            
 ?     
         
       ,
        
     ,   , 
           ,   
  
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
    ""   ,        
 
         
,     
   
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        - , , ,  
  '
   -   
        
      ,     
       :
 : “            
 ,   
   : "        
 "
 ,            ,   
        
󷚰󷚱󷚲󷚳󷚴󷚵󷚶󷚷󷚸󷚹󷚺󷚻󷚼󷚽󷚾󷚿󷛀󷛁   
      -   -   
 
""   ,          

             
             
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
  ,
,     '   
  ,       
;     
,
 ,   -   
  :     ,      
 
 
2.
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸   
                 
     ,          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
     
     :
1.  -      
2.  - ,        
3.  - ,     
4.  - ,        
5.  - ,       
 ,          
,  ,
       
󹴞󹴟󹴠󹴡󹶮󹶯󹶰󹶱󹶲   
    ,      ,     
       :
1.   
    , ,    
 
   -      -   , ,  
 
: ,        
 
2.   
   ,       
          
 
:    ,           
    
3.   
   ,  ,       
2.
 
        ,     
 ,       
:    ,      
  
4.   
   ,          

    -   
 
:      ,      
5.   
  ,        
 ,        
:            ,  

 
6.   
  ,  ,      
  
 ,           

 
:    '        
7.   
           
             
 
: , -,          
󽆪󽆫󽆬
     :
   ,         
          
,
    '  
      
2.
   , , , , ,   
  
          ,       ,
            
2.             
:, ,   
 

               , 
 ,     -     ,   ,  
,             
  
 ,    ,    -     
       
;       
 ,          
   
    ,           
  
       

  
  ""      -            
 ,               
     
:      ,      
    ,       
   
1. :        
2.  :    '     ,  
,   
3. :          
4. :    ,   ,   
   
5.  :       
 ,   
    
2.
 :          

 -  , 
   
       
   :     
    ,          

 , , -          
   ,         ', 
,       
 
  (PE)        ,    
 
 '       
;  , ,    

     
    - 
 -         --
  
1.       
         ,     ,
   
    
     ,     
   
     '   : "     
  "
:      '   ,     
         ,       
  PE  ,      
2.      
     ;       
  ,      , ,  

 ,        
3.    -   
2.
     
 ,        
  ,      
 ,   

 
       ,  
     
4.     ;      
 ,       
 
    ,    
  
  ,     
,        

 
5.     
  ,        
   ,    -    
          
       
,        ?         
  
  ,     ,  
        
 ,        , 
         
 ,     
      -  
          
:           ,   
    -       ,    
   
  
   
     -     -   

    -    
    
 
2.
    , -  -     
    
    ,  
   ,       , 
       ,   -  
 
    
     ,         
    -,     
 ,              

   
  -  ,     
     

           
        
      '
  
    ,         
    :      
      ,   
       
 
 ,               ,
   
      - ,  ,   
     ,    
-
3.             
:󷊆󷊇   -    
 ,           ,     ,  
        
      ,  
 18   
   :
2.
 ,           
    
 ,      ,      ,  
        
, 
   -               ?
      :     
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
           
  ,               

  
     
 ,     1  2000  ,  1  2020 ,
   20  
     
  '   ,   ,  
 '     ,    " "  "
" 
           
 ?   
 
      
󹲯󹲰󹲱󹲲󹲳   
        ,       '
    -       
    40         30   
     
 , 20       , ,    30 
    
   '   :
  
   

 
2.
 
  
 ,          ,       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,       18   ,     
16     (  ),        22   ( 
  )
󻧿󻨀󻨁󻨂󻨃󻨄󻨅󻨆󻨇󻨈󻨉󻨕󻨖󻨊󻨋󻨌󻨍󻨎󻨏󻨐󻨑󻨗󻨘󻨙󻨒󻨓󻨔   -  
 ,             ,
          ,   
             
  
      -   
1.  -    
              

  ,
 ,         
:
, ,     
   
   
      
    
  (  ):
  ,     
  :
   '    , ,     
          
2.
2.  -     
          
        '
,          
:
   
 ,  
   
       
  '   
  (  ):
 ,    
  :
 , , , ,   -  
 
3.  -    
           ,     , 
     
     
:
,         
    
          
      
  (  ):
   ' ,   -  
  :
   ,  , ,         
        
  

  

, ,  
, , 
2.

,  
 , , 

, ,  
 ,  , 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
,   :
     
   
             
  (, , ) 
     
 ,     ,    
 
 
   ,            
    
,      
   
 
,     ,        
    ,    ,       
   ,  
, ,   , 
  
    
󽆪󽆫󽆬
       
        
                
 ,        , ,       
    
 ,    :   ,     ,   
 
4.    '      
:   '     
 

                 
        -    ,    ,     
             
 , ,
2.
      '     -   

 ,          ,     
     '            
          
:  
        
,     
 
        

   '  
1. 
o ,   ,   ,       ,  
     
o  ,           
2. 
o             
 ,             
o ,        
,    '
  
3.   
o ,  ,  /    
   
o                 
 
4.   
o           
o , ,       
5.  
o   ,    ,         
    
 :       ,     
        ,    '   
-       
 
:  
       
       
      , , , , ,  
  
2.
   '   
1. 
o           ,     ,
   

o     ,      ,  
     
2.     
o    ,      

 
o        , ,  
      
3.     
o      
o             ,  
            
 
4.    
o  -,      
o  ,           
      ,     
         '   
5.    
o     ,      
o          ,  
         
6.   
o      , ,  - 
     
o  ,            ,
              
7.   
o , , ,        
  
 :   ,   ,      
    '    ,         
  
     
            '  
 -  
    
 
2.
    ()     ,    
()    ,      
 ,         ,     
,       
      :          , 
    ,     
    "  -   "   

  
1. 
o        
o  ,      
o   ,    
 
2. 
o      
o  ,      
o   ,      
3. 
o       
o  ,        
o   ,    -  
 
     
          
 
    ,          
              
   ,
              
 
   ,    
 
  -       
        ,         


    :  ,   ,  
,    
   : , , , ,   
           
2.
 ,            ,      
         ,         
 
5.                
:           
󷊆󷊇   -   
 
   
               
,   (   )     ,    
          "  "    
, 
         - ,      
 
              -  
 
,  , ,       1947    , 
     -   :  ,  ,
 ,   ,     
          
1.󷬸󷬹󷬺󷬻󷬼󷬽󷬾󷬿󷭀󷭁󷭂󷭃󷭄  -      
  ,           

    :          
  (1500   - 500  ):
, , ,   -      
       
 
  (  ):
      ,       
      ,      
 
  :
  -,          
     (    )    
  ,     
2.
   :
 (-)           
, 
    ,  (),  -   
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,       
,       -
,     
2.󹼸󹼹󹼺󹼻  -     
-      ,   ,   
    
 :
 , ,         ,
    '       
 :
      ,    (    ),
  ,          
         
  :
       ,     
  ,   ,      
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           ,   
 
3.  -    
  ,               
      
()    
    ,        ' 
   ,       ,   
 
()    -
2.
        :
(        )
 ()

  
            ,   
   
()   
         19
    
,            
   
       ,    
 
()   
YMCA (   ): (1890)  , YMCA 
        ,  
      
   :20
   ,    
    ,  ,   YMCA   
 (1920)
(e)    
  -        
             
 
1911               

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        ,      
:   ""   ,         

4.󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  -      
2.
- 19
    20
        ,  
        
 -      
     :      
     , -    
 :           
     
  :     1928   ()  
,            
 :,        
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
,  ,   
  
5.󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 -          
          :
󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶 -    
1947     ,           
   :            , 
                
           
 -    ,
         
  
2.
 ,  ,          
           
     
6.    ,        
:   :   
 

 1982      
  IX        
    -            
 ,        :   ,  
          
  , 1984 ,     (SAI)      
   
;          ,  
    
          
     ?
    (SAI)          
       , 1860     
   

     , SAI     ,   
        ,   ,   
,             

 , SAI          
    
SAI           :
"        '   
"
     :
2.
1.   ' -   '   ,      
 
2. - ,  ,       
        
 ,         
,      
   
    
     ,            
            
1.      
   '     - ,    
    ()      
, 
      
    ',   ,     

 :                
     SAI  ,       SAI , 
    ,     ,       
   
2.    
     (NCOEs)    

    
       ,    
      
  
        '  

,    '     
3.     
         -      
SAI     , ,   
   
  ,  ,      
2.
4.    
   
       
            
  
       
5.    
            
'  
       ,      , 
   
   ,  ,  ,    -   
    
 
6.     -
          -  
 1982              ,
   :
o    
o    
o     
o        
o .    
         
 
7.       
,       (NSNIS), , 
      (LNCPE),   
  
 
  -  ,        
  
          
     
8.    
       -    ,  :
o  -   '   
o  (   )-     
  
o   -     
2.
   ,        
 
9.  
          
            
    '         
10. - 
   ,          
          
 ,          
  
        '    - ,   
      , -      
           
              
  
 
        ,        ,  
   '       

    (SAI)   1984     
    '       
           
     , ,  ,   
,   ,   ,     
  '   
 ,     
 -         
          ,     
    
2.
-
7.       
:  
󷇮󷇭 
 -     
19
               
 ,        ,   ,     -
        
     , 
    
 ,    
          ,     
               , 
          ,     
  , 1896 ,     ,    
      
,          
 -         
󷩡󷩟󷩠   
     ,          
     1894     (IOC)    IOC
          
      :
    
      
         
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘    
    ,  -   ,        
    :
1.   (1896, )
2.
 13    
 280   43    
           
2.  (1900   1904  )
1900         
-,     
3.     
1913 ,        ,    
(, , , , )     
  ", , " (, , )  
   1936 ( )    
4.   
   (1916)     (1940, 1944)     
 
      ,      ,   
   
5.    
, , ,        

    (1924, , )       
 
 (1960, )    '    
 (2010, )     
󷠿󷡀󷡁󷡂󷡃󷡄󷡅󷡆󷡇󷡈   
         
 :
1.  - 200        
2.    - , , , , , ,  
 
3.   -  ()     
4.    -       
 
2.
5.  -   '    ,       
6.   - ,          
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐:    
        :
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
     
?
1.    -         
2.    -         
 
3.     -      - 
  
4.  -        
5.    - -,     
  
 
6. -  ,         
󹼯󹼰󹼱󹼳󹼲    
    
:
-    '   
2.
 - ,         

 -      
-      
   ,            
󷔬󷔭󷔮󷔯󷔰󷔱󷔴󷔵󷔶󷔷󷔲󷔳󷔸 -    
    ,          

 :   , , ,       , 
       
1896              ,  ,
           
      
,      
 ,       
;       
8.      
: :     
 

 1951              ,    
  ,    -       , 
 ,       ,    ,  
                
  -   
 
        
      
           ,     
           ,     
 ,    ,        
 
   ?
 ,      ,   -      
             
2.
(IOC)                - 

     (AGF)  ,     1982 
    (OCA)    
     
      
     :
  : ,        
   
 
:         
   :        
 -:    -     
  
   , " ",       
 
    
1951 – 
  
    
11 , 489 
 : , -, , ,    
     ' 
1954 – , 
  
      
1958 – , 
          
    
1962 – , 
     ,     
1970   -   
       
2.
 ,   ,     
1982 – 
 
     
  :     (OCA)     
    
1990  
    ,        
   
      
2000   
  40             
,           
2018 – -, 
        '    
-       
2022 – ,  (COVID-19   2023  )
     61    
          
2026 – -,  ( )
  20  
   
    :
1.  : , , , , , 
2.  : ,  , ,   
3.  : -,        
    
      
  
  
2.
1951  11  ,    45   
     ,  40+      
,        ,        

   
          :
1951        1982 
        
  (1958),   (1986),       (2018, 2023) 
        
       , , ,    
   
   
1.  :    ,   '   
2.  :        
3.  : ,     
4.    :  ,        
  
    
 :           
 :       
     :      
   
   :    ,       
  
 ,    ,       
  
              , 
   '    ;  , 
   
      45     
 ,    ,  
        
2.
1951  
        2023      ,
          -    ,    ,
   

       -  ,  1951     
   
   ,       
 ,   ,       
               
 ,      
 -  ,     "
 "    
"               

       ,         "